"Integrating Sources" summary

Introduction
In a scholarly paper you are the source of your particular argument, not the sources you use. You use the sources in your paper to help support your argument from qualified sources, which will make your paper stronger. In your paper you will have to make the distinction between “primary” and “secondary” sources. A primary source functions as un-interpreted data, which means it does not discuss or analyze your subject by it. A secondary source on the other hand does discuss your subject, and has already made inferences or claims about it which you may accept or reject in your text.
When you cite your sources it makes you a fair person by not plagiarizing and strengthens your argument. Citing sources in your paper is done by making a notation in your paper which will tell the reader where you got the information from. They can use these citings to attain further information if desired. Citing also suggests that you are trust worthy in the information you gathered to bolster your writing. The book shows basic ways to correctly cite your sources and ways in which are most commonly misused.
1-Integrating Sources into Paper

1.1 Three basic principles
There are three basic principles for integrating a source into a paper. The first principle is to use your sources briefly so your own thinking is not drowned out by the sources information. To avoid this you should use summarization to condense a text from a paragraph to a sentence. A summary should be a combination of your own words while incorporating phrases from a source to avoid plagiarizing. Paraphrasing is also used to shorten a long statement, but with more clarification to support what is important to your argument. During your summary it is important to quote a source directly when an author has made an important passage, a claim, or a particular sentence or phrase.
The second principle stresses that you make it clear for the reader to distinguish when you are talking from when you are using something from a source. To avoid the confusion you should introduce the source in your own words then comment on the source afterwards. You should also make sure you remind the reader you are still summarizing to avoid confusion.
The third principle states the importance of making sure your source correlates to your argument. Introducing a source to the reader will alert the reader to what they have to focus on in the upcoming text.
Another rule to use when quoting a source is to mention the professional status of your source if it is distinctive. Mentioning professional qualification will give the source more credibility and easier for the reader to take a side of the argument.
While mentioning a title in your writing it is important to underline or italicize books or use quotations for essays, chapters, or poems. This is important for the reader because it indicates a source.

1.2 Rules for Quoting
General Principles
The first rule for quoting is to only use what you need or what is striking followed by a short summary of your thoughts. Using too many quotes will appear like you are trying to fill in space in your writing as well as showing that you don’t have a firm grasp of the information. The second rule is to construct your own sentence so the quotation fits smoothly into it. Using a source passage is recommended to introduce the quote, even if it means changing a few words within the quote to make it fit together. The third rule is to announce a quotation in the words preceding it so the reader is aware of who will be speaking. The sources identity can also be withheld until the end of the sentence as long as you don’t quote or discuss the source. The fourth rule is to make sure you choose your announcing verb carefully. You should use neutral verbs to capture the attitude you want to convey.
Technical Rules
Don’t automatically put a comma before a quotation unless the grammar of your sentence requires it. Put a period or comma at the end of a quotation inside the close-quotation mark unless your sentence or clause ends in a parenthetical citation. Use a slash to indicate a line-break in a quoted passage of poetry with a space before and after the slash. Punctuate the end of a quotation embedded in your sentence with whatever punctuation your sentence requires, not the original author’s punctuation. The last technical rule is to quote verbatim by emphasizing certain words with parenthesis.
1.3 Quoting Blocks
A quoting block is when you need to quote more than five lines of prose or tow verses of poetry.
Quoting blocks helps persuade the reader by giving a narrowed focus. The quoting blocks should be quoted when you have a long statement by a source. There are some rules when writing quoting blocks such as indent all lines 10 spaces from the left margin and single space the block to show separation from the previous paragraph. It is also not to put blocks in quotation marks because it is already replaced with the indentation, unless the source is talking within the block. You should also tell your readers in advance who is about to speak and what to be listening for to prevent the reader from being unguided of who is speaking in the block. The sentence leading into the quote block should end with a colon to lead the reader into the block. After the block is completed you should reflect and follow up on the block to prevent ending a paragraph with a block and explain why you needed to quote it. To note the citation of the block you should put the citation outside the period at the end of the last sentence.
1.4 Using Discursive Notes
Use a discursive footnote or endnote when you want to tell the reader something that does not directly relate to the writing; however, these should be used sparingly throughout the paper or eliminated. Some things you should incorporate in your paper are: to draw out implications of your paper, announce a non-standard edition to your translating, persuade the reader to further reading, and explain something about the meaning of your acronyms and abbreviations or citing system.
2-Citing Sources
2.1 When to Cite
You cite in your paper whenever you use information from an outside source and give full publication of where the information was obtained. Citing information is required whenever you use factual information or data from a source or quote verbatim. Also citing is necessary when you summarize, paraphrase, use ideas, opinions, methods, organizing strategy, or mentioning some aspect of another person’s work to name a few. Citing gives background information to help support your context with an authority in the field you are writing about.
2.2 When Not to Cite
While citing it is important that you do not cite too much and are using your own information to elaborate on the context and information given. There are also sometimes where you do not have to cite information such as when the source is on the same page. You don’t have to re-cite until you start another page or paragraph. Another time when citing is un-needed is when you are speaking of common knowledge and unarguable. You also don’t need to cite when using phrases of everyday speech and when you draw on ideas or phrases that may be heard in general conversation such as a friend, classmate, or teaching assistant.

2.3 Methods of Citing
The most important aspect of citing sources is understanding how to cite them; there are different methods of citation for different types of sources. One method of citing is using a sequential note which is inserting a raised reference numeral after a sentence or a phrase that was taken from a source. This refers the reader to a footnote at the bottom of the page or an endnote at the end of the paper. Another method of citing is In-Text citing it refers the reader to not only the author of the source but also the page number from where the information was obtained. Coding is also another method of citing. Coding is when you identify the sources by a symbol or a marker which appear in parenthesis or brackets which refers to a list at the end of the paper.
2.4 Acknowledging Uncited Sources
When writing a paper you may have information that you obtain from class members, former teachers, or class discussions are examples of acknowledging uncited sources. This type of information does not appear in your list of references, but you should acknowledge their help with a foot note or end note.
3- Misuse of Sources
3.1 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is using someone’s information as your own without giving the original author credit. Plagiarism usually takes one of the following forms: uncited information or data from a source, an uncited idea, a verbatim phrase or passage that isn’t quoted, or an uncited structure or organizing strategy. To avoid plagiarism you need to cite information that is not common knowledge, and even when it is not part of your argument and your citation must accurately reflect your process.
3.2 Other Ways of Misusing Sources
When using sources sometimes they can be misused. One way this can be done is by misrepresenting evidence, which is when you know the evidence doesn’t fit your interpretation. This causes you to mislead the original direction you were taking. Another way to misuse sources is by improper collaboration. This is when two or more students work together on a project that is to be submitted as two different papers, but both papers have identical written work. Using notes and copying their writing structure is also plagiarism. Dual or overlapping is another way of misusing sources which is when you submit a paper to a teacher that you have already done in another course. If you decide to do this you must first get permission from your teacher and most likely they will require you to write a longer paper than the rest of the students. The last way of misusing sources is by abetting plagiarism. Abetting plagiarism is when you help another student plagiarize. This can be done by re-writing a paper for another student, letting a student copy your paper, or changing the structure of a paper when editing.
3.3 Special Hazards of Electronic Sources
Online sources are more common today and seem like they are floating in space and don’t need to be cited; however, this is untrue and anything you use from the internet needs credit given to the original author. The first thing you should do to cite these internet sources is to have a separate open page for citing your internet sites as you browse the internet. The second thing you should do because it is so easy to rapidly flip from one page to the other is to avoid hunting for interesting passages to use for a paper without paying attention to the specific topic. You should look around the passages or paragraphs that interests you. Third you should avoid using alternative, Internet versions of assigned classroom texts unless your instructor permits them. This is because the credibility of some internet sites is unknown. If trustworthiness of an internet site is in doubt, you shouldn’t use it.
3.4 Disciplinary Consequences
Not all academic fraud is caught, but a large majority of cases are caught yearly. The consequences for being caught for plagiarizing are failure of the class, suspension from the institution or even permanent dismissal, and a permanent mark put on transcripts.
3.5 How to Avoid High-Risk Situations
There are a few different ways to avoid these high risk situations. First, don’t leave written work until the last minute. Make an attempt to write down ideas about the assignment well before it is due. All written assignments are a working process and require time, revisions, and thought. Make sure you are clear on what needs to be done for the assignment before working on it. The second way to avoid high risk situations is to avoid using secondary sources for a paper unless you are allowed to. You should try free writing, brain storming, or ask your instructor for guidance, rather than overwhelming yourself with information from internet sites and documents. Also never rely on a single source to get your information, do your research and get a good chunk of information to brainstorm with. Some other things to consider not doing are not trying to sound more sophisticated than you are; write on your own level. You should never borrow somebody else’s paper or write a paper from borrowed notes and always backup your work.
4-Styles of Documentation
4.1 Placing citations in your paper
4.1a Footnote or Endnote style
According to the Chicago Manual of Style, they recommend that you put your reference number whenever possible at the end of your sentence, outside the period and outside a close-quotation mark that follows the period. Some exceptions will call for you to put the number within the sentence following punctuation; Sometimes you may need to cite the reference within the sentence and after the sentence. You can also cite two references to the same reference number sentence as long as you make it clear to the reader which source matches the cite. After you have already cited an author you do not need to cite the complete source again; once the initial citing has been done, the second time you reference them you only need to cite the authors name and page number. If the author is cited multiple times then you can also use an abbreviated title.
In special cases such as tables, artwork, or illustrations you should give it a figure number and refer the reader to that specific figure. Underneath the object you are referring is where you should by artist, title, date, and source data. If you refer a passage in literary work you should cite which line it occurs in your sentence. To cite from a poem of more than 12 lines you should cite by giving the relevant line numbers such as l for “line” and ll for “lines.” When you cite from a novel you should always cite first with what chapter it is from, then the page number. For citing online sources first cite the author, then date of posting or last revision followed by the URL, the date you accessed it.
4.1b In-Text Style for the Humanities
Parenthetic citations goes inside the period that ends your sentence, unless you put it in the middle of your sentence as long as it has a natural pausing point and before the punctuation ends the clause. The MLA format does not require that you put a “p” or “pp” for “pages” or a comma between name and pages.
Special Cases
If your source has several volumes, give the volume number and a colon before the page reference. When you use more than one piece of work by the same source, put an abbreviated title of the source in your citation, to indicate what text you’re referring to. When a source has more than one name, use all their names in citing the source.
4.1c In-Text Styles for Social Sciences and Sciences
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), Council of Biology Editors (CBE), and other fields, it is recommended that you put the surname of the author in parenthesis with the year of publication or name the author in your sentence. When mentioning an author you should put the year of publication immediately after you mention the author’s name, or at the end of a sentence. The parenthetical citation always comes inside the punctuation that ends your sentence or clause. If the information comes from two or more sources, include both, in alphabetical order separated by a semicolon. If the tow sources are by the same author, arrange them in chronological order, separated by a comma.
Special Cases
When you cite a source which has two authors, you should always cite both authors’ names each time you cite. If there is a source that has three to five authors then you must cite all the authors the first time, but after that just use the first author followed by “et al.”
4.1d Coding Style for the Sciences
To code your sources you should first assign each source a number based on the order of first mention in your paper, and place the reference numbers in parentheses. Throughout your paper you should place the numbers at the end of your sentences.
4.2 Listing Your references
You should start your list of endnotes or references on a new page, after the last page of your text. Then start footnotes, on each page, four lines from the bottom of your last line of text while making sure your entire note fits on the page.
4.2a Common Sources and Variants
Some common sources and variants used in writings are books, articles or other work in a journal, item in a collection of the authors work with no separate editor, and an article or interview in a magazine or newspaper. All of these are cited in different ways and also may be different according to what citing format you are using.
Common Variants
Common variants are the different ways you will see authors in your paper. Some examples are no author or editor given, two authors, three authors, four or more authors, repeated authors, indirect source, and item in a class source book.
Other Articles and Short Texts
There are a wide variety of articles and short texts such as in encyclopedias, a review, a preface, introduction, or forward, letter in a published collection, letter or papers from an archive, personal letter, unpublished paper or dissertation, and legal cases
4.2c Other Books
Some books needed to be cited different ways rather than novels. These types of other books are books with an author and an editor, book in several volumes, a reprinted book, book in a series, government publication, and a book by a group or public author.
4.2 Electronic Sources
There are many types of electronic sources like work, article, information, or graphic on the web, telnet of FTP site, contribution to a listserv or newsgroup, e-mail message, text or abstract from an information service or database.
4.2e Oral and Visual Sources
Some examples of oral and visual sources are lecture, conference paper, speech, or performance, personal or telephone interview, artwork, illustration, map, chart, or table, musical recording, score, or liner notes, film, video, or television program.